Lewis TR et al. (2023), Photoreceptor disc incisures form as an adaptiv...

XB-ART-59920

Elife 2023 Jul 14;12. doi: 10.7554/eLife.89160.

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Photoreceptor disc incisures form as an adaptive mechanism ensuring the completion of disc enclosure.

Lewis TR, Phan S, Castillo CM, Kim KY, Coppenrath K, Thomas W, Hao Y, Skiba NP, Horb ME, Ellisman MH, Arshavsky VY.

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The first steps of vision take place within a stack of tightly packed disc-shaped membranes, or 'discs', located in the outer segment compartment of photoreceptor cells. In rod photoreceptors, discs are enclosed inside the outer segment and contain deep indentations in their rims called 'incisures'. The presence of incisures has been documented in a variety of species, yet their role remains elusive. In this study, we combined traditional electron microscopy with three-dimensional electron tomography to demonstrate that incisures are formed only after discs become completely enclosed. We also observed that, at the earliest stage of their formation, discs are not round as typically depicted but rather are highly irregular in shape and resemble expanding lamellipodia. Using genetically manipulated mice and frogs and measuring outer segment protein abundances by quantitative mass spectrometry, we further found that incisure size is determined by the molar ratio between peripherin-2, a disc rim protein critical for the process of disc enclosure, and rhodopsin, the major structural component of disc membranes. While a high perpherin-2 to rhodopsin ratio causes an increase in incisure size and structural complexity, a low ratio precludes incisure formation. Based on these data, we propose a model whereby normal rods express a modest excess of peripherin-2 over the amount required for complete disc enclosure in order to ensure that this important step of disc formation is accomplished. Once the disc is enclosed, the excess peripherin-2 incorporates into the rim to form an incisure.

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Species referenced: Xenopus tropicalis Xenopus laevis
Genes referenced: prph prph2 prph2l rho rom1
GO keywords: photoreceptor cell development [+]
gRNAs referenced: prph2 gRNA6 prph2 gRNA7

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	Figure 1 Schematic illustration of incisure arrangements. (A) Cartoon illustrating the structure of rod photoreceptors in mice and frogs. In each species, the outer segment contains hundreds of disc membranes in a stack. For simplicity, the connecting cilium and the axoneme are not shown. Of note, rod outer segments in frogs are much wider than in mice. (B) Cartoon illustrating two different types of incisure arrangements in a stack of rod discs. Incisures are indentations of the disc rim that are longitudinally aligned across the disc stack. Mouse discs have a single incisure, whereas frog discs have multiple incisures.
	Figure 2 Incisures are observed only in fully enclosed discs of mouse rods. (A–G) Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT mouse rods contrasted with a combination of tannic acid and uranyl acetate, which stains newly forming ‘open’ discs more intensely than mature enclosed discs. Yellow arrows point to darkly stained, unenclosed discs; yellow arrowheads point to longitudinally aligned incisures. Scale bars: 1 µm.
	Figure 3 Representative z-section from a STEM tomogram of a 750-nm-thick tangential section of a WT mouse retina. The retina was contrasted with tannic acid/uranyl acetate. Full tomogram is shown in Figure 3—video 1. Because individual rods in the mouse retina are not perfectly aligned, adjacent cells are sectioned at different compartments, including the inner segment (1), outer segment base (2) and mature outer segment (3). Shown on the right is an example of a longitudinally sectioned rod, in which these three locations are depicted by dashed lines. Surfaces of fully enclosed discs are pseudo-colored in magenta to highlight the structure of incisures. Yellow arrowhead points to an incisure in a fully enclosed disc. Tomogram pixel size is 3 nm; scale bars: 2.5 µm (left) or 0.5 µm (right).
	Figure 4 Disc incisures are observed in mature but not newly forming discs. (A) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+168 (middle) and +244 nm (right) from a reconstructed electron tomogram of a 750 nm-thick WT mouse retinal section. Full tomogram is shown in Figure 4—video 1. To guide the reader, the surfaces of newly forming discs are pseudo-colored in orange and a mature disc in magenta. Pseudo-coloring was used only in this example as it masks some fine morphological features of the images. (B) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+107 (middle) and +343 nm (right) from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 2. (C) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+65 (middle) and +186 nm (right) from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 3. (D) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+19 (middle) and +208 nm from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 4. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrows point to newly forming, unenclosed discs; yellow arrowheads point to incisures in fully enclosed discs. Tomogram pixel size is 4.2 nm (A) or 2.1 nm (B–D); scale bar: 0.5 µm.
	Figure 5 Ultrastructure of mature disc incisures. (A) Representative z-section from a reconstructed electron tomogram of a 750-nm-thick WT mouse retinal section. Full tomogram of the boxed area is shown in Figure 5—video 1. (B) Representative maximum intensity projections of 3 (left) or 4 (right) z-sections highlighting various structures observed in a mature incisure. Green arrows point to structures spanning between microtubules and the disc rim; purple arrows point to connectors between apposing sides of the incisure; blue arrow points to the electron-dense structure at the incisure end. Yellow asterisk indicates the microtubule adjacent to the incisure. (C) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (Disc 1),+31.5 (Disc 2) and +63 nm (Disc 3) illustrating an imperfect alignment of incisures in three adjacent discs. Yellow arrowheads point to the incisure end in Disc 1 and the same x,y-coordinates in subsequent discs. Tomogram pixel size is 2.1 nm; scale bars: 0.25 µm (A, C) or 25 nm (B).
	Figure 6 with 1 supplement Reduction in peripherin-2 level prevents incisure formation in mouse rods. (A) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned WT outer segments and rds/+ outer segments preserving their cylindrical shape. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrowheads point to incisures in WT discs. Scale bar: 1 µm. (B) Quantification of incisure length as a percent of the total disc diameter. Each data point represents a single outer segment. For each genotype, three mice were analyzed (labeled as 1, 2, and 3), with 25 outer segments analyzed in each mouse. Only 2 out of 75 analyzed rds/+ rods contained discernible incisures. Error bars represent mean ± s.d.
	Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Reduction in the level of peripherin-2 but not rhodopsin causes gross abnormalities in outer segment structure. Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT, rds/+ and Rho+/- mouse retinas. Scale bar: +/- µm.
	Figure 7 Increase in relative peripherin-2 level produces long incisures of varying shape. (A–C) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned Rho+/- mouse retinas. Incisures can be relatively straight and extend nearly the entire disc diameter (A) or be bifurcated or twisted (B). In some cells, incisures are associated with tubular structures (C). (D) Representative TEM image of a tangentially sectioned Rho-/- retina. While lacking discs, the outer segment cilium contains a large number of tubular structures. Yellow arrowheads point to incisure ends; orange arrows point to tubular structures. Scale bar: +/- µm.
	Figure 8 Quantification of disc diameters in WT and Rho+/- mouse rods. Each data point represents a single outer segment. For each genotype, three mice were analyzed (labeled as 1, 2, and 3), with 25 outer segments analyzed in each mouse. Error bars represent mean ± s.d. Unpaired t-test was performed using the average disc diameter in each mouse to determine that the difference in diameters of WT and Rho+/- +/- was statistically significant (p=0.0075).
	Figure 9 with 1 supplement Loss of peripherin-2 in frogs (Xenopus tropicalis) prevents incisure formation. (A–D) Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT and prph2-/- frog retinas. (E,F) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned WT and prph2-/- frog retinas. Magenta arrows point to defects in outer segment morphology; yellow arrowheads point to incisures; asterisks indicate cones, as evident by the presence of an oil droplet in their inner segments. OS: outer segment; IS: inner segment. Scale bars: 5 µm.
	Figure 9—figure supplement 1 One incisure in frog rod discs is aligned with the ciliary axoneme. Representative TEM image of a tangentially sectioned WT frog retina. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrowheads point to incisures. Scale bar: 1 µm.
	Figure 1. Schematic illustration of incisure arrangements.(A) Cartoon illustrating the structure of rod photoreceptors in mice and frogs. In each species, the outer segment contains hundreds of disc membranes in a stack. For simplicity, the connecting cilium and the axoneme are not shown. Of note, rod outer segments in frogs are much wider than in mice. (B) Cartoon illustrating two different types of incisure arrangements in a stack of rod discs. Incisures are indentations of the disc rim that are longitudinally aligned across the disc stack. Mouse discs have a single incisure, whereas frog discs have multiple incisures.
	Figure 2. Incisures are observed only in fully enclosed discs of mouse rods.(A–G) Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT mouse rods contrasted with a combination of tannic acid and uranyl acetate, which stains newly forming ‘open’ discs more intensely than mature enclosed discs. Yellow arrows point to darkly stained, unenclosed discs; yellow arrowheads point to longitudinally aligned incisures. Scale bars: 1 µm.
	Figure 3. Representative z-section from a STEM tomogram of a 750-nm-thick tangential section of a WT mouse retina.The retina was contrasted with tannic acid/uranyl acetate. Full tomogram is shown in Figure 3—video 1. Because individual rods in the mouse retina are not perfectly aligned, adjacent cells are sectioned at different compartments, including the inner segment (1), outer segment base (2) and mature outer segment (3). Shown on the right is an example of a longitudinally sectioned rod, in which these three locations are depicted by dashed lines. Surfaces of fully enclosed discs are pseudo-colored in magenta to highlight the structure of incisures. Yellow arrowhead points to an incisure in a fully enclosed disc. Tomogram pixel size is 3 nm; scale bars: 2.5 µm (left) or 0.5 µm (right).
	Figure 4. Disc incisures are observed in mature but not newly forming discs.(A) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+168 (middle) and +244 nm (right) from a reconstructed electron tomogram of a 750 nm-thick WT mouse retinal section. Full tomogram is shown in Figure 4—video 1. To guide the reader, the surfaces of newly forming discs are pseudo-colored in orange and a mature disc in magenta. Pseudo-coloring was used only in this example as it masks some fine morphological features of the images. (B) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+107 (middle) and +343 nm (right) from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 2. (C) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+65 (middle) and +186 nm (right) from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 3. (D) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (left),+19 (middle) and +208 nm from the reconstructed electron tomogram shown in Figure 4—video 4. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrows point to newly forming, unenclosed discs; yellow arrowheads point to incisures in fully enclosed discs. Tomogram pixel size is 4.2 nm (A) or 2.1 nm (B–D); scale bar: 0.5 µm.
	Figure 5. Ultrastructure of mature disc incisures.(A) Representative z-section from a reconstructed electron tomogram of a 750-nm-thick WT mouse retinal section. Full tomogram of the boxed area is shown in Figure 5—video 1. (B) Representative maximum intensity projections of 3 (left) or 4 (right) z-sections highlighting various structures observed in a mature incisure. Green arrows point to structures spanning between microtubules and the disc rim; purple arrows point to connectors between apposing sides of the incisure; blue arrow points to the electron-dense structure at the incisure end. Yellow asterisk indicates the microtubule adjacent to the incisure. (C) Representative z-sections at the depths of 0 (Disc 1),+31.5 (Disc 2) and +63 nm (Disc 3) illustrating an imperfect alignment of incisures in three adjacent discs. Yellow arrowheads point to the incisure end in Disc 1 and the same x,y-coordinates in subsequent discs. Tomogram pixel size is 2.1 nm; scale bars: 0.25 µm (A, C) or 25 nm (B).
	Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Reduction in the level of peripherin-2 but not rhodopsin causes gross abnormalities in outer segment structure.Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT, rds/+ and Rho+/- mouse retinas. Scale bar: +/- µm.
	Figure 6. Reduction in peripherin-2 level prevents incisure formation in mouse rods.(A) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned WT outer segments and rds/+ outer segments preserving their cylindrical shape. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrowheads point to incisures in WT discs. Scale bar: 1 µm. (B) Quantification of incisure length as a percent of the total disc diameter. Each data point represents a single outer segment. For each genotype, three mice were analyzed (labeled as 1, 2, and 3), with 25 outer segments analyzed in each mouse. Only 2 out of 75 analyzed rds/+ rods contained discernible incisures. Error bars represent mean ± s.d.
	Figure 7. Increase in relative peripherin-2 level produces long incisures of varying shape.(A–C) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned Rho+/- mouse retinas. Incisures can be relatively straight and extend nearly the entire disc diameter (A) or be bifurcated or twisted (B). In some cells, incisures are associated with tubular structures (C). (D) Representative TEM image of a tangentially sectioned Rho-/- retina. While lacking discs, the outer segment cilium contains a large number of tubular structures. Yellow arrowheads point to incisure ends; orange arrows point to tubular structures. Scale bar: +/- µm.
	Figure 8. Quantification of disc diameters in WT and Rho+/- mouse rods.Each data point represents a single outer segment. For each genotype, three mice were analyzed (labeled as 1, 2, and 3), with 25 outer segments analyzed in each mouse. Error bars represent mean ± s.d. Unpaired t-test was performed using the average disc diameter in each mouse to determine that the difference in diameters of WT and Rho+/- +/- was statistically significant (p=0.0075).
	Figure 9—figure supplement 1. One incisure in frog rod discs is aligned with the ciliary axoneme.Representative TEM image of a tangentially sectioned WT frog retina. Yellow asterisks indicate the ciliary axoneme; yellow arrowheads point to incisures. Scale bar: 1 µm.
	Figure 9. Loss of peripherin-2 in frogs (Xenopus tropicalis) prevents incisure formation.(A–D) Representative TEM images of longitudinally sectioned WT and prph2-/- frog retinas. (E,F) Representative TEM images of tangentially sectioned WT and prph2-/- frog retinas. Magenta arrows point to defects in outer segment morphology; yellow arrowheads point to incisures; asterisks indicate cones, as evident by the presence of an oil droplet in their inner segments. OS: outer segment; IS: inner segment. Scale bars: 5 µm.

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